Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who are refractory to one or more tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors are generally prescribed a non-TNF-targeted therapy (e.g., Bristol Myers Squibb\u2019s Orencia, Roche\u2019s Actemra \/ RoActemra, Roche\u2019s Rituxan \/ MabThera, AbbVie\u2019s Rinvoq, Pfizer\u2019s Xeljanz, Eli Lilly \/ Incyte\u2019s Olumiant). Non-invasive targeted therapies such as JAK inhibitors offer more treatment options, but safety data on JAK inhibitors indicate a risk of serious infections, cardiovascular events, and\/or malignancy, restricting these agents\u2019 use in older patients with comorbidities. Although the RA therapy market offers multiple efficacious and relatively safe agents, patients refractory to TNF-alpha inhibitors have limited options; therefore, substantial unmet need remains in the treatment of TNF inhibitor-refractory RA. .<\/p>\n
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